{
  "cells": [
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
      "source": [
        "# Introduction to Python"
      ],
      "id": "64f898cd-1e06-4377-a17b-b3d675957f7b"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 132,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "4"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "2 + 2"
      ],
      "id": "c327a89c-e519-4709-8c29-515e7c00dfa5"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
      "source": [
        "Python has the following types:\n",
        "\n",
        "-   `str`\n",
        "-   `bool`\n",
        "-   `int`\n",
        "-   `float` \\<- a C `double`\n",
        "-   `dict`\n",
        "-   `list`\n",
        "-   `set`\n",
        "-   `tuple`"
      ],
      "id": "04549dda-c815-482f-af1d-719055c39da0"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 133,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "4294967295"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "2 ** 32 - 1"
      ],
      "id": "e8741ecc-7655-4cdc-ba4d-8c12cec565f7"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 134,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "8228863001835066529632658874512640596519760779404643181058684868103588231651983628740999193787882296163044366493632157270168550417673732837190022570379624359677896388978172052495892656722068451801215349472765139014318812471863009877701280158593080431221425432944328893737411043878272790470707895191304714844545104171879670960362918595278699535244673367090285651259233330614178023118290719313365134610411047047471669360811979405231925836161763944679737525318975335081478616357443060688819657564259801031831799666226609793670519258091624540623073202809652099366028831784182370424464956587657891971708754740727495828880356404026436672396009224339114167289394488157526146727812023740637240031427723432225144832"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "2 ** 2345"
      ],
      "id": "d8e90507-d09b-4bf8-9d4d-46993ef14caa"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 135,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "True"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "True"
      ],
      "id": "bec5084b-93e4-411c-83b1-e4db2b158ec6"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 136,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "False"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "False"
      ],
      "id": "28c64096-d55c-41aa-9b25-832fc53dfcac"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 137,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "str"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "type('a')"
      ],
      "id": "b8fa71cd-4470-4462-9d05-9f77cc3d7dda"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 138,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "str"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "type(\"a\")"
      ],
      "id": "580168fb-0efd-4b92-8e67-648a3c264932"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 139,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'lee'"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "f = 23.2234\n",
        "f = \"lee\"\n",
        "f"
      ],
      "id": "97e08e47-49a3-4dc3-90c4-ccbead1e3a6a"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
      "source": [
        "## Dictionaries"
      ],
      "id": "f3a66185-511b-4cbb-87b4-a0e85c273740"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 140,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'a': 2, 'edward': 1.1}"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "d = {\"a\": 2, \"edward\": 1.1}\n",
        "d"
      ],
      "id": "ebcb376b-357d-4161-b980-e9118ab2d429"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 141,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'a': 6, 'edward': 1.1}"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "d[\"a\"] = 6\n",
        "d"
      ],
      "id": "74d470b0-d5be-4ab3-853e-b48322d528b5"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 142,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "d[\"b\"] = \"new variable\""
      ],
      "id": "5d9f266d-934d-45c5-b329-c1362910a021"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 143,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'a': 6, 'edward': 1.1, 'b': 'new variable'}"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "d"
      ],
      "id": "e62d467a-e539-490c-b3fa-dc777604c3ba"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
      "source": [
        "## List"
      ],
      "id": "5b5d8417-f0d3-4ac9-9c58-17b6bbe9ff86"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 144,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2, 3, {'a': 6, 'edward': 1.1, 'b': 'new variable'}]"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "l = [1, 2, 3, d]\n",
        "l"
      ],
      "id": "e36a471d-959f-4187-9b51-1514bfc82896"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 145,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "l[3] = \"mutable\""
      ],
      "id": "3935b592-1944-48b7-9243-e2bb3fdbfdac"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 146,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "1"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "l[0]"
      ],
      "id": "98f5242b-4a56-49c7-9bff-01bd5f68bbe3"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 147,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'mutable'"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "l[-1]"
      ],
      "id": "27a0fa03-f9ab-4200-bae0-e37cb1703994"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 148,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2, 3, 'mutable', 2980]"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "l.append(2980)\n",
        "l"
      ],
      "id": "b8930ec0-c027-4335-8fac-a55b5bc11ffb"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
      "source": [
        "## Tuple"
      ],
      "id": "9124e9bc-5aa2-4d48-9a96-aee6cd903a9a"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 149,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "(2, 3, 4, 6)"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "t = (1, 2, 3, l)\n",
        "# t[0] = 20 # doesn't work\n",
        "t = (2, 3, 4, 6)\n",
        "t"
      ],
      "id": "dc30cd07-bc16-4727-a145-53ae67d92498"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 150,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'a': 6, 'edward': 1.1, 'b': 'new variable'}"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# another look at dictionaries\n",
        "d"
      ],
      "id": "0edfb4a4-130a-45b3-9f91-18eba1469f4d"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 151,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'a': 6,\n",
              " 'edward': 1.1,\n",
              " 'b': 'new variable',\n",
              " 1: 'new',\n",
              " 1.1: 'cool',\n",
              " (2, 3, 4, 6): 'whoa'}"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "d[1] = \"new\"\n",
        "d[1.1] = \"cool\"\n",
        "d[t] = \"whoa\"\n",
        "# d[l] = \"nope\"\n",
        "d"
      ],
      "id": "7a8b8e35-169b-46d1-b927-6cf8b9ec5fbf"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 152,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'a': 6,\n",
              " 'edward': 1.1,\n",
              " 'b': 'new variable',\n",
              " 1: 'new',\n",
              " 1.1: 'cool',\n",
              " (2, 3, 4, 6): 'new thing'}"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "d[t] = \"new thing\"\n",
        "d"
      ],
      "id": "ede5bc90-d184-49be-a48f-ea1780726efe"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 153,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "del d[t]"
      ],
      "id": "aeb3e3af-914e-4c14-b789-6b28aa01b191"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 154,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'a': 6, 'edward': 1.1, 'b': 'new variable', 1: 'new', 1.1: 'cool'}"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "d"
      ],
      "id": "f804e939-440c-4e56-8df2-1fed7e025149"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
      "source": [
        "## Functions"
      ],
      "id": "29e32916-0086-4e35-a7ad-38722f626550"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 155,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "def f(x):\n",
        "    return x + 3"
      ],
      "id": "5cf08e95-0998-4ae4-b09f-ed0fd5320b09"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 156,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "8"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "f(5)"
      ],
      "id": "cd1256aa-87a4-4dee-9a8a-90a85203394f"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 157,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "3"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "x"
      ],
      "id": "ad1ad80d-2a4d-403f-a376-91690df61bc4"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 158,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "18"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "def g(x, y):\n",
        "    return x * y + 3\n",
        "g(3, 5)"
      ],
      "id": "38fac7d7-570d-480a-96c0-dd3d873144a1"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 159,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "9"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "def h(x, z = 10):\n",
        "    return x * z\n",
        "h(3, z = 3)"
      ],
      "id": "b856faaa-4602-4901-a2c1-dba6b577a5a9"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 160,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "9"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "def j(x, y = 10, z = 23):\n",
        "    return x + y * z\n",
        "j(3, z = 2, y = 3)"
      ],
      "id": "a748a50f-fc9a-41b9-af8f-217a1d6c559c"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 161,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2, 3, 'mutable', 2980]"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "l"
      ],
      "id": "a50f57d2-ec4f-4eed-a929-788a056f1d70"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 162,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "def k(lst):\n",
        "    lst[0] = \"new value\""
      ],
      "id": "c9a738eb-46db-4cfd-97a2-2618c7a6225c"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 163,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "['new value', 2, 3, 'mutable', 2980]"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "k(l)\n",
        "l"
      ],
      "id": "23bbad58-f382-42dc-9146-c06c84835f48"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
      "source": [
        "## For loops"
      ],
      "id": "430453dc-583f-4fc4-82e8-cbea9d5b70bd"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 164,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "0\n",
            "1\n",
            "2"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "for i in range(3):\n",
        "    print(i)"
      ],
      "id": "d7c3b4a0-0e75-4ded-a9b7-7cc06978836a"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 165,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "something\n",
            "in\n",
            "your\n",
            "list"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "l = [\"something\", \"in\", \"your\", \"list\"]\n",
        "for li in l:\n",
        "    print(li)"
      ],
      "id": "f6099fdb-d76b-41cc-b4df-4dbe5825d31e"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 166,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "0 something\n",
            "1 in\n",
            "2 your\n",
            "3 list"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "for i, li in enumerate(l):\n",
        "    print(i, li)"
      ],
      "id": "e6935ad2-5fe9-43df-95db-5d091a1be2aa"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 167,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'314'"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "t2 = (\"math\", \"314\")\n",
        "a, b = t2\n",
        "b"
      ],
      "id": "540bbae8-357d-49a9-a539-fedabe168232"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 168,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "def n(x):\n",
        "    return x, x * 2\n",
        "a, b = n(3)"
      ],
      "id": "be69ef74-f441-4c59-8e23-616b34cf50d7"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 169,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "6"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "b"
      ],
      "id": "0bd5a692-640d-43a5-816a-7a0ceccbbbc4"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 170,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "2\n",
            "4\n",
            "6\n",
            "8\n",
            "10"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "i = 0\n",
        "while True:\n",
        "    i += 2\n",
        "    if i > 10:\n",
        "        break\n",
        "    print(i)\n"
      ],
      "id": "721b7bcc-a72a-453b-98f8-bcbfec9d3601"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 171,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "cool"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "if l:\n",
        "    print(\"cool\")"
      ],
      "id": "71932ff4-98de-46c8-a709-bbe5fbb33830"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 172,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "hwhat"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "if [[]]:\n",
        "    print(\"hwhat\")"
      ],
      "id": "3e1267a0-6d15-451b-9d2a-660898330160"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
      "source": [
        "## F-strings"
      ],
      "id": "4a38428a-6979-438e-95e0-b74827ff908f"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 173,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'math314'"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "s = \"math314\"\n",
        "s"
      ],
      "id": "bd983772-9c57-4995-a4d0-4ba74e249e7f"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 174,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'is a string with an interpolated variable like 3'"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "x = 3\n",
        "f = f\"is a string with an interpolated variable like {x}\"\n",
        "f"
      ],
      "id": "dda5081d-444e-49b2-99a8-4b05d2bcd67e"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
      "source": [
        "# List comprehension"
      ],
      "id": "e7a3aa87-971f-41c5-ba0e-fd7694cadde2"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 176,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[0, 10, 20]"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "l2 = [h(x) for x in range(3)]\n",
        "l2"
      ],
      "id": "8165aba5-9873-46b1-8a1f-23b225d130f0"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
      "source": [
        "## Dict Comprehension"
      ],
      "id": "64c11e44-affc-4d0d-922d-f63694fe345f"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 177,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{0: 0, 1: 10, 2: 20, 3: 30, 4: 40, 5: 50, 6: 60, 7: 70, 8: 80, 9: 90}"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "d2 = {x: h(x) for x in range(10)}\n",
        "d2"
      ],
      "id": "a63d6445-0239-4c8a-a73f-a0a1007622e7"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
      "source": [
        "## Classes"
      ],
      "id": "4c874116-38aa-4929-867b-39e01c62bf23"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 181,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "class Table():\n",
        "    def __init__(self, legs = 10):\n",
        "        self._legs = legs\n",
        "\n",
        "    def num_legs(self, x = 2):\n",
        "        return self._legs"
      ],
      "id": "8dbf8978-cc16-4b0f-9f89-79ef97492b95"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 182,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "tbl = Table()"
      ],
      "id": "4ddd02ed-79f4-40e4-917d-97047916d175"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 183,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "10"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "tbl.num_legs()"
      ],
      "id": "a6113099-5242-43c1-a514-425abbb48886"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 184,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "5"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "tbl2 = Table(legs = 5)\n",
        "tbl2.num_legs()"
      ],
      "id": "2f7ecf16-4c4f-4223-9509-4f76bc5a04fd"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 186,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "int"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "x\n",
        "type(x)"
      ],
      "id": "e9fda151-63ce-452f-90a5-14fe676d85df"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 187,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "['__abs__',\n",
              " '__add__',\n",
              " '__and__',\n",
              " '__bool__',\n",
              " '__ceil__',\n",
              " '__class__',\n",
              " '__delattr__',\n",
              " '__dir__',\n",
              " '__divmod__',\n",
              " '__doc__',\n",
              " '__eq__',\n",
              " '__float__',\n",
              " '__floor__',\n",
              " '__floordiv__',\n",
              " '__format__',\n",
              " '__ge__',\n",
              " '__getattribute__',\n",
              " '__getnewargs__',\n",
              " '__getstate__',\n",
              " '__gt__',\n",
              " '__hash__',\n",
              " '__index__',\n",
              " '__init__',\n",
              " '__init_subclass__',\n",
              " '__int__',\n",
              " '__invert__',\n",
              " '__le__',\n",
              " '__lshift__',\n",
              " '__lt__',\n",
              " '__mod__',\n",
              " '__mul__',\n",
              " '__ne__',\n",
              " '__neg__',\n",
              " '__new__',\n",
              " '__or__',\n",
              " '__pos__',\n",
              " '__pow__',\n",
              " '__radd__',\n",
              " '__rand__',\n",
              " '__rdivmod__',\n",
              " '__reduce__',\n",
              " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
              " '__repr__',\n",
              " '__rfloordiv__',\n",
              " '__rlshift__',\n",
              " '__rmod__',\n",
              " '__rmul__',\n",
              " '__ror__',\n",
              " '__round__',\n",
              " '__rpow__',\n",
              " '__rrshift__',\n",
              " '__rshift__',\n",
              " '__rsub__',\n",
              " '__rtruediv__',\n",
              " '__rxor__',\n",
              " '__setattr__',\n",
              " '__sizeof__',\n",
              " '__str__',\n",
              " '__sub__',\n",
              " '__subclasshook__',\n",
              " '__truediv__',\n",
              " '__trunc__',\n",
              " '__xor__',\n",
              " 'as_integer_ratio',\n",
              " 'bit_count',\n",
              " 'bit_length',\n",
              " 'conjugate',\n",
              " 'denominator',\n",
              " 'from_bytes',\n",
              " 'imag',\n",
              " 'is_integer',\n",
              " 'numerator',\n",
              " 'real',\n",
              " 'to_bytes']"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "dir(x)"
      ],
      "id": "d5baaedd-147f-43e1-9976-70bda794e83d"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 188,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "True"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "x.is_integer()"
      ],
      "id": "e47b3630-4f33-4f43-af67-df0dfa280243"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 189,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "['__abs__',\n",
              " '__add__',\n",
              " '__bool__',\n",
              " '__ceil__',\n",
              " '__class__',\n",
              " '__delattr__',\n",
              " '__dir__',\n",
              " '__divmod__',\n",
              " '__doc__',\n",
              " '__eq__',\n",
              " '__float__',\n",
              " '__floor__',\n",
              " '__floordiv__',\n",
              " '__format__',\n",
              " '__ge__',\n",
              " '__getattribute__',\n",
              " '__getformat__',\n",
              " '__getnewargs__',\n",
              " '__getstate__',\n",
              " '__gt__',\n",
              " '__hash__',\n",
              " '__init__',\n",
              " '__init_subclass__',\n",
              " '__int__',\n",
              " '__le__',\n",
              " '__lt__',\n",
              " '__mod__',\n",
              " '__mul__',\n",
              " '__ne__',\n",
              " '__neg__',\n",
              " '__new__',\n",
              " '__pos__',\n",
              " '__pow__',\n",
              " '__radd__',\n",
              " '__rdivmod__',\n",
              " '__reduce__',\n",
              " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
              " '__repr__',\n",
              " '__rfloordiv__',\n",
              " '__rmod__',\n",
              " '__rmul__',\n",
              " '__round__',\n",
              " '__rpow__',\n",
              " '__rsub__',\n",
              " '__rtruediv__',\n",
              " '__setattr__',\n",
              " '__sizeof__',\n",
              " '__str__',\n",
              " '__sub__',\n",
              " '__subclasshook__',\n",
              " '__truediv__',\n",
              " '__trunc__',\n",
              " 'as_integer_ratio',\n",
              " 'conjugate',\n",
              " 'fromhex',\n",
              " 'hex',\n",
              " 'imag',\n",
              " 'is_integer',\n",
              " 'real']"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "y = 2.1\n",
        "dir(y)"
      ],
      "id": "e381fa95-7db5-41bf-b204-e2e9a885effc"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 195,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "False"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "y = 2.1\n",
        "y.is_integer()"
      ],
      "id": "5a987ded-9a85-4c52-9edd-57358ee2e89e"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 196,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "class Table2():\n",
        "    def __init__(self):\n",
        "        self._legs = 4\n",
        "\n",
        "    def num_legs(self):\n",
        "        return 10"
      ],
      "id": "15ea1815-3004-433a-b898-555b157e0ab1"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 198,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "tbl3 = Table2()"
      ],
      "id": "c574cea1-d127-41b1-b41d-9bb39cd085c4"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 200,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Definitely do not do this\n",
        "# we did it to be silly and to highlight the dangers of Python\n",
        "tbl3.__class__ = Table "
      ],
      "id": "2bc42db1-adf2-4ce4-b37e-a86c79cc6085"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 201,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "4"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "tbl3.num_legs()"
      ],
      "id": "958ed76d-ffac-43f6-a72c-df7870279924"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 202,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "class Table3():\n",
        "    def __init__(self):\n",
        "        self._not_legs =  4"
      ],
      "id": "5909653f-b1a1-4d15-a8d2-40f10614fadc"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 203,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "tbl4 = Table()"
      ],
      "id": "3906371b-d704-4620-bc9b-4e2870839c94"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 204,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "tbl4.__class__ = Table3"
      ],
      "id": "0836258a-380f-4f17-a9cd-5e390150bbdd"
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 205,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "metadata": {},
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "10"
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "tbl4._legs"
      ],
      "id": "4214bd35-7346-483d-9f3b-3d453639f3be"
    }
  ],
  "nbformat": 4,
  "nbformat_minor": 5,
  "metadata": {
    "kernelspec": {
      "name": "python3",
      "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
      "language": "python"
    },
    "language_info": {
      "name": "python",
      "codemirror_mode": {
        "name": "ipython",
        "version": "3"
      },
      "file_extension": ".py",
      "mimetype": "text/x-python",
      "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
      "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
      "version": "3.12.12"
    }
  }
}